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- Housekeeping
- Cover Today
- Recap: Image + Object Recognition
- Human Computer Interaction
- Theories
- Three Pillars of Interface Design
- LUCID
- Recognize Diversity
- Interaction Styles
- User-Centered Design Methods
- Eight Golden Rules of Interface Design
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- Specify Data Domain to be visualized.
- Define Tasks to be supported by information visualization tools.
- Research state-of-art approaches. Identify 3 to 5 distinct
"clusters" of tools to highlight & analyze.
- Explain which features you used to distinguish between the different
"clusters.
- Select the "best" or "most representative" tool for
each "cluster.
- Provide Analysis and apply framework used to review textbook readings
for each selected tool.
- Think of yourself as "information visualization tools
curator"
and provide your personal analysis and "point of
view" of what matters.
- Class Presentation
You have 15 min. to showcase the 3 to 5 distinct approaches you
have identified.
Provide visual examples of the tools presented.
- Create Report
20 to 25 pages, written as a standard paper ่ 10pt, double-spaced
Include an appendix that lists and groups 20 to 30 relevant tools
/ papers
you found into the 3 to 5 "clusters" you
identified.
Provide an URL or clear reference for the relevant tools / papers
you found.
- Hand-in
Hardcopy of report.
Post report online and send instructor an email with the URL.
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- Select an information visualization tool to evaluate.
- Describe and motivate evaluation design.
- Conduct evaluation with 3 people.
- Each evaluation session should last 30 to 45 minutes.
- Explain if the subjects received any training and, if yes, what it
consisted of.
- Videotape each session - remember to bring a VHS tape.
- Have each subject sign the Informed Consent Form and collect Feedback
& Suggestions after each session is completed.
- Class Presentation
You have 15 minutes to explain your usability design and your
major findings.
Digitize TWO video clips of moments during the Usability Tests
you want to share with the class ่ schedule time with instructor and will send instructions.
Insert the two video clips on two separate slides.
- Create Report
20 to 25 pages, written as a standard paper ่ 10pt, double-spaced
Describe major findings and suggestions.
Include an appendix with the signed Informed Consent forms.
- Hand-in
Hardcopy of report.
Post report online and send instructor an email with the URL.
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- Motivate domain choice.
- Perform task and need analysis.
- Describe design approach and information visualization principles used.
- Develop prototype.
- Have an "domain expert" use the prototype and provide
feedback.
- Class Presentation
You have 15 min. to describe task analysis and your design
approach.
Demonstrate your prototype.
Report on the "domain expert" feedback.
- Create Report
20 to 25 pages, written as a standard paper ่ 10pt, double-spaced
Provide screenshots of prototype and explain design
approach.
Include URL of prototype.
- Hand-in
Hardcopy of report.
Post report online and send instructor an email with the URL.
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- Properties of Image Recognition
- Remarkable image recognition memory
- Up to 5 images per second
- Applications in image searching interfaces
- Easier to Recognize than to Recall
- Image Based Theories
- Template theories based on 2D image processing
- Structural 3D Theories
- Extract structure of a scene in terms of 3D primitives
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- Design, Evaluation, and Implementation
- of Interactive Computing Systems
- for Human Use
- Research has shown that HCI matters
- Learning time
- Performance speed
- Error rates
- User satisfaction
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- Low Road for Selling Usability
- Reduced development and support costs
- Point out frustration, high error rates due to complex systems
- Point out successes of competitors
- High Road for Selling Usability
- Greater quality and user satisfaction
- Well designed interfaces ่ shorter learning times, lower error rates
- Business Case
- Karat (IBM) reports $100 payoff for every $1 spent on usability
- Management Support Crucial
- Awareness of importance of usability
- Battles for control between usability and software engineers
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- Descriptive v.s. Predictive Theories
- Descriptive: Object/Action Interface Model
- Predictive: GOMS (Goals, Operators, Methods & Selection rules) and
keystroke-level model to predict execution time or error rates
- Object-Action Interface Model
- Understand Task in terms of objects & actions
- Metaphoric Representations of interface objects & actions
- Visible Representation of interface actions
- Task and Interface Hierarchies
- ่ Observation: Menu
Interface reflects Task Analysis
- Disappearance of Syntax
- Syntactic knowledge is system and application dependent
- Shift to Direct-Manipulation Systems
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- Task Analysis to ensure proper functionality
- Define Tasks and Subtasks
- Focus on Occasional Tasks common tasks are easy to define
- Complete Functionality so that users wont reject / underutilize
product
- Implementation
- Standardization: use existing industry standards
- Integration: with different software tools
- Consistency & Compatibility: different versions / usage contexts
- Portability: of data across multiple software / hardware platforms
- ่ Create & Test Design
Alternatives
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- Define Target User Community
- Accommodate Human Diversity: no average user
- Account for variances in sense perception
- Communities evolve and change
- Usage Profiles
- Evaluation Measures
- Time to learn
- Speed of performance for key benchmarks
- Rate and nature of common user errors
- Retention over time
- Subjective satisfaction
- Collect user feedback free-form comments and satisfaction scales
- Create & Test Design Alternatives
- Use a wide range of mock-ups and prototypes
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- Guidelines Documents and Processes
- Inspired by HCI theories and models
- Provides social process for developers, records decisions for all to
see, promotes consistency and completeness
- User Interface Software Tools
- Expert Reviews and Usability Testing
- Grounded in controlled experiments
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- User Interface Independence
- Separate interface design from internals
- Methodology & Notation
- Develop design procedures and ways to talk about design
- Rapid Prototyping
- Test early, revise, test, revise,...
- Engage end users, managers, and others
- Software Support
- Increase productivity
- Offer some constraint & consistency checks
- GUIs Productivity Gains of 50% - 500%
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- Design Tools
- User-Interface Mockups
- Powerpoint, Dreamweaver, Flash
- Computer-Assisted Instruction Tools
- Authorware, Macromedia Director, Asymetrix Toolbook
- Visual Development Tools
- Microsoft Visual Basic, Borland Delphi, Symantec Visual Cafe
- Software Engineering Tools
- Evaluation and Critiquing Tools
- Run-Time Logging Software
- Menu-Tree Structures
- Popular and Show detailed system coverage
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- Software Projects
- 60% failure rate
- 25% never finished
- 35% partial success
- ่ Early User-Centered
Design saves money & time
- Logical User-Centered Design Methodology
- Developed by Kreitzberg (Cognetics, Princeton Junction, NJ)
- Stage 1: Develop Product Concept
- Stage 2: Research and Needs Analysis
- Stage 3: Design Concepts & Key Screen Prototype
- Stage 4: Iterative Design and Refinement
- Stage 5: Implement Software
- Stage 6: Provide Roll-Out Support
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- Stage 1: Develop Product Concept
- Create high concept
- Establish business objectives
- Set up the usability design team
- Identify the user population
- Identify technical and environmental issues
- Produce a staffing plan, schedule, and budget
- Stage 2: Research and Needs Analysis
- Partition the user population into homogeneous segments
- Break job activities into task units
- Conduct needs analysis through construction of scenarios
and participatory design
- Sketch the process flow for sequences of tasks
- Identify major objects and structures used in interface
- Research and resolve technical issues and other constraints
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- Stage 3: Design Concepts & Key Screen Prototype
- Create specific usability objectives based on user needs
- Initiate the guidelines and style guide
- Select a navigational model and a design metaphor
- Identify the set of key screens: login, home, major processes
- Develop key screens using rapid prototyping tool
- Conduct initial reviews and usability tests
- Stage 4: Iterative Design and Refinement
- Expand key-screen prototype into full system
- Conduct heuristic and expert reviews
- Conduct full-scale usability tests
- Deliver prototype and specification
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- Stage 5: Implement Software
- Develop standard practices
- Manage late stage change
- Develop online help, documentation and tutorials
- Stage 6: Provide Roll-Out Support
- Provide training and assistance
- Perform logging, evaluation, and maintenance
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- Usage Profiles
- User Characteristics
- Task Profiles
- Interaction Styles
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- Usage Profiles designing for several profiles is difficult
- Novice Users
- Arrive with anxiety ่
inhibits learning
- Use familiar vocabulary
- Restrict choices and keep number of actions small
- Informative feedback
- Constructive, specific error messages
- Knowledgeable Users
- Stable task concepts
- Broad knowledge of interface concepts
- Difficulty retaining structure of menus and location of features
- Orderly organization of menus
- Emphasize recognition instead of recall
- Consistency helps user rediscover and fill in the missing pieces
- Expert Users
- Thorough knowledge of task and interface concepts
- Seek to get work done quickly
- Demand rapid response times
- Macros
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- User Characteristics
- Age
- Gender
- Physical abilities
- Education
- Cultural or ethnic background
- Training
- Motivation
- Goals
- Personality
- Cultural and International Diversity
- Left-to-right versus right-to-left versus vertical input and reading
- Date and time formats
- Sorting sequences
- Icons, buttons, colors
- Etiquette, policies, tone, formality, metaphors
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- Task Profiles
- Decomposition into multiple middle-level task actions,
which are refined into atomic actions
- Task frequencies of use
- Matrix of users and tasks helpful
- Interaction Styles
- Direct manipulation
- Menu selection
- Form fillin
- Command language
- Natural language
- ่ Blending of interaction
styles need for diverse tasks and diverse users
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- Direct Manipulation
- Creativity needed
- Clever designer creates visual representation of domain using familiar
conventions and metaphors
- Desktop metaphor, CAD, video games
- Advantages
- Visual representation of task concepts
- Easy learning and retention
- Errors avoided
- Encourages exploration
- High subjective satisfaction
- Disadvantages
- May be hard to conceive and/or program
- Requires increased system resources (possibly)
- ่ Good for Novices
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- Menu Selection
- Read list of items, select most appropriate, observe effect
- Requires careful task analysis and consistency
- Advantages
- Shortens learning
- Reduces keystrokes
- Structures decision making
- Use of dialog-management tools
- Easy support of error handling
- Disadvantages
- Danger of many menus
- May slow frequent users
- Consumes screen space
- Requires rapid display rate
- ่ Good for Novices and
Intermittent Users
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- Form Fillin
- Advantages
- Simplifies data entry
- Requires modest training
- Gives convenient assistance
- Use of form-management tools
- Disadvantages
- Consumes screen space
- User must understand field labels and permissible values
- ่ Good for Intermittent,
Experienced Users
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- Command Language
- Users can syntax to express complex possibilities rapidly
- Macros, Excel functions, Programming
- Advantages
- Flexible
- Appeals to power users
- Supports strong locus of control and user initiative
- Simplifies data entry
- Convenient creation of user-defined macros
- Disadvantages
- High error rate
- Poor error handling because of diversity of possibilities
- Requires substantial training and memorization
- ่ Good for Expert
Frequent Users
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- Natural Language
- Hope that computer will respond properly to arbitrary natural-language
sentences or input
- Limited success so far
- Users can syntax to express complex possibilities rapidly
- Advantages
- Relieves burden of learning syntax
- Disadvantages
- May not show context for issuing next command
- Frequently requires clarification dialog
- May require more keystrokes
- Unpredictable
- ่ Good for Novices and
Intermittent Users
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- Direct Manipulation
- + Visual, Easy to learn, Avoids
errors
- Hard to conceive and develop
- ่ Novice
- Menu Selection
- + Shortens learning, Structures decision making, Good error handling
- Many menus, Slow, Screen space needed
- ่ Novice &
Intermittent User
- Form Fillin
- + Simplifies data entry, Little Training
- Consumes screen space, User need to understand fields
- ่ Intermittent,
Experienced Users
- Command Language
- + Flexible, Appeals to power user
- Error prone, Poor error handling, Training
- ่ Expert
User
- Natural Language
- + No need to learn syntax
- Unpredictable
- ่ Novice &
Intermittent User
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- Usage Profiles
- Novice Users
- Use familiar vocabulary and offer few choices
- Knowledgeable Users
- Emphasize recognition instead of recall
- Expert Users
- Seek to get work done quickly ่ Macros
- Interaction Styles
- Direct manipulation ่ Novices
Users
- Menu selection ่ Novices
and Intermittent Users
- Form fillin ่ Intermittent
and Expert Users
- Command language ่ Expert
Users
- Natural language ่ Novices
and Intermittent Users
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- Pre-Design
- Designing
- Scenario Development
- Participatory Design
- Post-Design
- Expert Reviews
- Heuristic Evaluation
- Guidelines Review
- Consistency Inspection
- Cognitive Walkthrough
- Formal Usability Inspection
- Usability Testing
- Acceptance Testing
- Field Testing
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- Ethnographic Observation
- Individual interviews or Questionnaire
- Preparation
- Field Study
- Analysis
- Reporting
- Scenario Development
- Day-in-the-life scenarios
- Perform typical task (acted out as a walkthrough)
- Participatory Design
- Positive
- more accurate information about tasks, users can influence design
decisions, builds investment, increased user acceptance
- Negative
- more costly, lengthen implementation period, exacerbate personality
conflicts, role of organizational politics
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- Expert Reviews
- Heuristic Evaluation
- Evaluate interface = small list of 8-10 design heuristics
- Guidelines Review
- Consistency Inspection
- Consistency across a family of interfaces
- Cognitive Walkthrough
- Simulate users carrying out
high freq. task
- Formal Usability Inspection
- Discuss merits and weakness of interface (adversarial)
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- Heuristic Evaluation
- Interface = List of Heuristics?
- Quick and cheap
- Can evaluate paper based interface
because evaluator is not using system system
- Suitable for early use in usability engineering lifecycle
- Three to five evaluators: more ่ diminishing returns
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- Visibility of System Status
- Always keep users informed about what is going on.
- Provide appropriate feedback within reasonable time.
- System Matches Real World
- Speak the users' language, with words, phrases and concepts familiar to
the user, rather than system-oriented terms.
- Follow real-world conventions, making information appear in a natural
and logical order.
- User Control and Freedom
- Users often choose system functions by mistake.
- Provide a clearly marked "out" to leave an unwanted state
without having to go through an extended dialogue.
- Support undo and redo.
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- Consistency and Standards
- Users should not have to wonder whether different words, situations, or
actions mean the same thing.
- Follow platform conventions.
- Error Prevention
- Even better than good error messages is a careful design which prevents
a problem from occurring in the first place.
- Recognition rather than Recall
- Make objects, actions, and options visible.
- User should not have to remember information from one part of the
dialogue to another.
- Instructions for use of the system should be visible or easily
retrievable whenever appropriate.
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- Flexibility and Efficiency of Use
- Accelerators -- unseen by the novice user -- may often speed up the
interaction for the expert user so that the system can cater to both
inexperienced and experienced users.
- Allow users to tailor frequent actions.
- Aesthetic and Minimalist Design
- Dialogues should not contain information which is irrelevant or rarely
needed.
- Every extra unit of information in a dialogue competes with the
relevant units of information and diminishes their relative visibility.
- Help users Recognize, Diagnose, and
Recover from Errors
- Expressed in plain language (no codes)
- Precisely indicate the problem
- Constructively suggest a solution.
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- Help and Documentation
- Even though it is better if the system can be used without
documentation, it may be necessary to provide help and documentation.
- Help information should be easy to search, focused on user's task, list
concrete steps to be carried out, and not be too large.
- Based on Factor Analysis
- 249 usability problems studied to derive a set of heuristics with
maximum explanatory power
- http://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/heuristic_list.html
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- Visibility of System Status
- System matches Real World
- User Control and Freedom
- Consistency and Standards
- Error Prevention
- Recognition rather than Recall
- Flexibility and Efficiency of Use
- Aesthetic and Minimalist Design
- Help users Recognize, Diagnose, and Recover from errors
- Help and Documentation
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- Usability Testing
- Surprise of Usability Testing
- Sped up many projects and produced dramatic cost savings
- Goal to find flaws and refine interface
- Participants Selection
- Voluntary Participation Critical (obtain informed consent)
- Effective Usability Testing
- Encourage users to think aloud (two people better)
- Usability Lab
- Halfway mirror between observers and subjects
- Videotaping
- Show designers actual user behavior
- Tedious and time-consuming to analyze video
- Limitations of Usability Testing
- Emphasizes first-time usage
- Limited coverage of the interface features
- Expert reviews can supplement usability testing
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- Surveys
- Acceptable companion for usability tests and expert reviews
- Keys to successful surveys
- Clear goals in advance
- Tested with small sample and reviewed
- Data to collect:
- Users background, Computer experience, Job responsibilities, Personality
style, Familiarity with features, Feeling state after using an
interface
- Potential bias in online surveys
- Acceptance Tests
- Establish measurable criteria instead of vague "user friendly
- Outside organization conducts it (can be adversarial)
- Goal of Reviews, Surveys and Testing
- Achieve evolutionary development when change is relatively easy and
inexpensive to accomplish.
- Evaluation During Active Use
- Successful Active Use = Constant Attention
- Strive for Percentage Improvements
- Continuous user-performance Data Logging
- Usage data ่ Optimize
performance, Reduce costs
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- Strive for Consistency
- Terminology, Prompts, Menus, Help screens, Color, Layout, Fonts
- Enable Frequent Users to use Shortcuts
- Abbreviations, Special keys, Hidden commands, Macro facilities
- Informative Feedback
- Design Dialogs to Yield Closure
- Sequences of actions should be organized into groups
- Beginning ่ middle ่ end
- Offer Error Prevention & Simple Error Handling
- Permit Easy Reversal of Actions
- Support Internal Locus of Control
- Reduce Short-term Memory Load
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