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- Housekeeping
- Final Project: Proposals due two weeks
- Human Computer Interaction – Recap
- Heuristic Evaluation Assignment è Due Week 7
- “User Interfaces and Visualization” – Review
- Information Visualization – Toolbox
- PerspectiveWall
- ConeTree
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- Define Target User Community
- Perform Task Analysis to ensure proper functionality
- Define tasks and subtasks
- Establish task frequencies of use
- Matrix of users and tasks helpful
- Select Interaction Styles
- Direct manipulation
- Menu selection
- Form fillin
- Command language
- Natural language
- Blending of interaction styles need for diverse tasks and diverse users
- Select Evaluation Measures
- Time to learn
- Speed of performance for key benchmarks
- Rate and nature of common user errors
- Retention over time
- Subjective satisfaction: free-form comments and feedback
- Create & Test Design Alternatives
- Use a wide range of mock-ups
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- Usage Profiles
- Novice or First-Time Users
- Use familiar vocabulary and offer few choices
- Knowledgeable Intermittent Users
- Emphasize recognition instead of recall
- Expert Frequent Users
- Seek to get work done quickly è Macros
- Interaction Styles
- Direct Manipulation è Novices
Users
- Menu Selection è Novices
and Intermittent Users
- Form Fillin è Intermittent
and Expert Users
- Command Language è Expert
Users
- Natural Language è Novices
and Intermittent Users
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- Visibility of System Status
- System Matches Real World
- User Control and Freedom
- Consistency and Standards
- Error Prevention
- Recognition rather than Recall
- Flexibility and Efficiency of Use
- Aesthetic and Minimalist Design
- Help users Recognize, Diagnose, and Recover from Errors
- Help and Documentation
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- Strive for Consistency
- Enable frequent users to use Shortcuts
- Informative Feedback
- Design Dialogs to Yield Closure
- Offer Error Prevention & Simple Error Handling
- Permit Easy Reversal of Actions
- Support Internal Locus of Control
- Reduce Short-term Memory Load
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- Heuristic Evaluation
- Quick and cheap
- Suitable for early use in usability engineering lifecycle
- Evaluate compliance with recognized usability principles
(the "heuristics").
- Three to five evaluators: more è diminishing returns
- Nielsen's Ten Usability Heuristics
- Visibility of system status
- System matches the real world
- User control and freedom
- Consistency and standards
- Error prevention
- Recognition rather than recall
- Flexibility and efficiency of use
- Aesthetic and minimalist design
- Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors
- Help and documentation
- è Find Flaws &
Suggest Improvements
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- Evaluator goes through the interface several times and inspects it
- Interface = List of Heuristics?
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10
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- Conduct Heuristic Evaluation
- Use Nielsen's 10 Heuristics
and provided template
- Write short report (4-5 pages)
- Due Week 7
- Publish Report online and send me URL
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- Users have Fuzzy Understanding of their Information Need
- Information Access = Iterative
Process
- User Interface should help users
- Formulate Queries
- Select Information Sources
- Understand Search Results
- Track Progress of Search
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- Offer Informative Feedback
- Show relationship between query and documents retrieved
- Show relationships among retrieved documents
- Show relationships between retrieved documents and metadata
- Reduce Working Memory Load
- Browsable Information for
- Search starting points (sources or topic lists)
- Suggestions of related terms or metadata
- Visual Search History: return to previous search strategies
- Provide Interfaces for Novices & Experts
- Good user interface design provides intuitive bridges between the
simple and the advanced interfaces.
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- Which collection / terms to choose?
Vocabulary Problem
- è Search interfaces must
provide good ways to get started
- “Testing Water”
- Users start out with very short queries,
inspect results, and then modify queries incrementally
- Starting points
- Lists
- Overviews
- Automated source selection
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- Document = Set of Words
- Each Word = Dimension in Vector
- After removing very common and rare words
- Stemming
- (retriev*, inform*, visual*, interact*) = 4D vector
- Each Word / Dimension Weighted based on Frequency
- “Inverse” = 1 / Frequency
- The less frequent, the greater the weight
- Similarity of Documents = Angle between Vectors
- Two text passages similar if their vectors point in a similar direction
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16
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- Topic 87: Criminal Actions Against Officers of Failed Financial
Institutions
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- Shneiderman Interaction Styles: Command language, Form fillin, Menu
selection, Direct manipulation, and Natural language.
- Query Formulation
- Fields
- Phrases
- Proximity
- Stemming
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- Interested in articles that mention “Visual” and “Information
Retrieval.”
- Further, “Query Language” or “Human Factors” need to be mentioned.
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- Interested in articles that mention “Human Factors” or “Visual.”
- Further, they should mention “Query Language” or “Information
Retrieval.”
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- Cat-a-Cone
- Better Representation of Category Space
- Compact Representation of Retrieved Documents
- Cat-a-Cone = Cone Tree + WebBooks
- Book Cover = Query responsible for producing retrieval results.
- Book closed and selected, ConeTree shows categories within book pages.
- User opens book, ConeTree shows categories on current page.
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- Scientific Visualization
- Show abstractions, but based on physical space
- Information Visualization
- Information does not have any obvious spatial mapping
- Fundamental Problem
- How to map non–spatial abstractions
- into effective visual form?
- Goal
- Use of computer-supported, interactive, visual
- representations of abstract data to amplify cognition
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- Date Types
- Quantitative (can perform
arithmetic's)
- Ordinal (obeys ordering
relations)
- Nominal (equal or not equal to
other values)
- Marks
- Points (position, color, size)
- Lines (location, length, width, color)
- Areas (uniform / smoothed shading)
- Volumes (resolution, translucency)
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- Visual System Detects CHANGES + PATTERNS
- Luminance Channel More Important than Color
- Stages of Visual Processing
- 1 Rapid Parallel Processing
- Slow Serial Goal-Directed Processing
- Pre-Attentive Features
- Position
- Color
- Simple Shape = orientation, size
- Motion
- Depth
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- QUANTITATIVE
- Position
- Length
- Angle
- Slope
- Area
- Volume
- Density
- Color Saturation
- Color Hue
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- Mapping Data to Visual Form
- Variables Mapped to “Visual Display”
- Variables Mapped to “Controls”
- “Visual Display” and “Controls” Linked
- Interaction Responsiveness
- “0.1” second
- Perception of Motion
- Perception of Cause & Effect
- “1.0” second
- “10” seconds
- Point & click, parallel requests
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- How to manage exponential growth of nodes?
- Use 3D to “linearize” problem – width fixed
- Use “logarithmic” animation of object or point of interest
to create “Object Constancy”
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